TNPSC லேபிளுடன் இடுகைகளைக் காண்பிக்கிறது. அனைத்து இடுகைகளையும் காண்பி

The Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in 1885, marking a significant milestone in India's struggle for independence from British rule. The foundation of INC was initiated by A.O.Hume, a retired British civil servant, who aimed to create a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians.

The first session of the INC was held in Bombay (now Mumbai) and was attended by 72 delegates. The formation of the INC played a crucial role in unifying diverse regional and political groups, eventually leading to the broader national movement against British colonialism.

INC Sessions:

Year	Place	President
1st Session, 1885	Bombay	Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
2nd Session, 1886	Calcutta	Dadabhai Naoroji
3rd Session, 1887	Madras	Badruddin Tyabji
4th Session, 1888	Allahabad	George Yule
5td Session, 1889	Bombay	Sir William Wedderburn
6th Session, 1890	Calcutta	Pherozeshah Mehta
7th Session, 1891	Nagpur	P.Ananda Charlu
8th Session, 1892	Allahabad	Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
9th Session, 1893	Lahore	Dadabhai Naoroji
10th Session, 1894	Madras	Alfred Webb
11th Session, 1895	Pune	Surendranath Banerjee
12th Session, 1896	Calcutta	Rahimatullah M Sayani
13th Session, 1897	Amraoti	C Sankaran Nair
14th Session, 1898	Madras	Ananda Mohan Bose
15th Session, 1899	Lucknow	Romesh Chunder Dutt
16th Session, 1900	Lahore	N G Chandavarkar
17th Session, 1901	Calcutta	Dinshaw Eduljee Wacha
18th Session, 1902	Ahmedabad	Surendranath Banerjee
19th Session, 1903	Madras	Lal Mohan Ghosh
20th Session, 1904	Bombay	Sir Henry Cotton
21st Session, 1905	Banaras	Gopal Krishna Gokhale
22nd Session, 1906	Calcutta	Dadabhai Naoroji
23rd Session, 1907	Surat (Susepended)	Rash Behari Ghosh
23rd Session, 1908	Madras	Rash Behari Ghosh
24rd Session, 1909	Lahore	Madan Mohan Malaviya
25th Session, 1910	Allahabad	Sir William Wedderburn
26th Session, 1911	Calcutta	Bishan Narayan Dar
27th Session, 1912	Bankipore	Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar
28th Session, 1913	Karachi	Nawab Syed Mohammed Bahadur
29th Session, 1914	Madras	Bhupendra Nath Bose

Neill’s Statue Satyagraha | TNPSC

17 ஜூலை, 2024

Source: Amrit mahotsav

Who was Colonel Neill:

Colonel Neill, infamous for his brutal role in suppressing the Indian Rebellion of 1857, earned the notorious title "Butcher of Allahabad." His ruthless methods left a lasting scar on Indian history, symbolized by a bronze statue erected by the British on Mount Road, Madras (now Chennai).

The Symbol of Oppression:

The Neill statue stood as a grim reminder of the atrocities committed by the British, fueling the Indians' insatiable hunger for freedom. Srinivasa Varadan from Madurai vehemently opposed this symbol of oppression, declaring that such a figure had no place in the soil of Mother India. This sentiment led to the formation of the 'Tamil Nadu Volunteer Corps' with the primary goal of dismantling the statue.

Neill Statue Satyagraha:

The volunteers, led by Somayajalu Naidu and supported by Padmasini Ammal in Madurai, orchestrated the Neill Statue Satyagraha. The protest was meticulously planned for August 11, 1927. The Satyagrahis successfully damaged a portion of the statue, demonstrating their defiance. This act of resistance resulted in the imprisonment and fining of key leader Ganapathi Ayya.
The Neill Statue Satyagraha is a significant chapter in India's struggle for independence, symbolizing the nation's resilience and determination to uproot colonial oppression. This event not only highlights the courage of the Tamil Nadu Volunteer Corps but also underscores the collective effort of Indians to reclaim their freedom and dignity.
After the major leaders like Somayajalu and Swaminatha Mudaliar got arrested K. Kamaraj became the leader of the agitation (September, 1927). Mahatma Gandhi when he visited Madras during the time extended his support to the agitation. The Madras legislature passed resolutions demanding the removal of the statue.
Neill Statue was later moved to Ripon Building and then to Madras Museum.

P.Jeevanandham - TNPSC

16 ஜூலை, 2024

P. Jeevanandham

Birth : 21st August, 1907 near Nagarcoil in Kanyakumari District.

Death : 18th January, 1963

P Jeevanandhan also fondly known as Jeeva is a famous Socio-political leader, Gandhian, Journalist and an excellent orator. He was born near Boothapandi in Nagarcoil in the erstwhile Princely state of Travancore. He was originally known as Sorimuthu named after his family god.

Political life:

In 1924, he participated in the Vaikom Satyagraha which was a nonviolent agitation for access to the prohibited Temple premises. He also participated in the Suchindram temple entry movement. He took care of Gandhian Ashram in Siruvayal where he met Mahatma Gandhi, who appreciated Jeeva for his involvement in the national movement. He hoisted the national flag on top of the temple cart of Suchindram temple at the time of its procession. In 1932, he took part in Civil Disobedience Movement and was sentenced to six months in Trichy Jail. He was arrested and imprisoned for six months for having translated the banned book of Bhagat Singh, “Why I am an atheist?” into Tamil in 1934. He was one of the founding members of the Madras Provincial Congress Socialist Party and became its first secretary in 1937.

He was elected as a member of the All India Congress Committee in 1938 and served as a member of the working Committee of the State Congress unit. He took part in Anti-War activities during 1939-42 and was arrested and kept in custody under the Defence of India Rules. He was imprisoned in Vellore and Madras jails for two years. Later, he joined the Communist Party of India and became a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1952 from the Washermanpet constituency. He died on January 18, 1964.

Padmasani Ammal - TNPSC

15 ஜூலை, 2024

Padmasani Ammal

Born : Madurai, 1897

Padmasani Ammal was married at the age of 10 and was sent with her husband Srinivasa Varadan when she was 15. Her Husband was a Tamil pandit in manamadurai. He took part in the freedom movement and later left his job to become a reporter and manager of "Desabaktan" and "Navasakthi" magazines in Madurai.
The couples jointly sang the songs of Subramaniya Bharathi to propagate the freedom movement. They actively participated in the Khadi movement and started producing spinning wheels at Madurai. They joined the Sri Bharatha Ashram founded by Subramaniyam Siva and even maintained it in the absence of Siva, whenever he was imprisoned. She headed the Neill Satyagraha in Madurai.

National Waterways - TNPSC

12 ஜூலை, 2024

To promote Inland Water Transport (IWT) in the country, 111 waterways (including 5 existing and 106 new) have been declared as National Waterways (NWs) under the National Waterways Act, 2016 which came into effect from 12th April, 2016.

Reserve Bank of India - TNPSC

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was established on April 1 1935 under Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. It is India's central bank and regulatory body responsible for regulation of Indian Banking system. It is managed under Ministry of Finance, India.

Main Functions:
Monetary authority

RBI Formulates, implements and monitors the monetary policy.
The objective behind this is to maintain price stability while maintaining the growth.

Manager of Foreign Exchange

Manages the Foreign Exchange Management act, 1999 (FEMA)
Faciliates external trade and payment and maintenance of foreign exchange market in the country.

Issuer of Currency

Issues, exchanges and even destroys currency and as well puts the coins minted by Government of India into Circulation.

Know about RBI Exams : RBI Grade B Exam

Thiruppur Kumaran - TNPSC

10 ஜூலை, 2024

Thiruppur Kumaran

Tiruppur Kumaran, originally named Kumarswamy Mudaliar, was born on October 4, 1904, in Chennimalai, Erode District, Tamil Nadu. Kumaran is celebrated as a significant figure in India's struggle for independence, deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's principles.

Kumaran's dedication to the cause of Indian independence was evident through his active participation in various protests and movements against British rule. On January 10, 1932, he led a significant protest march in Tiruppur, carrying the Indian national flag. Despite being severely beaten by the British police, Kumaran refused to let the flag touch the ground, symbolizing his unwavering commitment to the nation. This act of defiance earned him the revered title of "Kodi Kaatha Kumaran" (Kumaran who protected the flag).

Tragically, Kumaran succumbed to his injuries the following day, on January 11, 1932. His martyrdom is a poignant reminder of the countless unsung heroes who fought for India's freedom. Tiruppur Kumaran’s sacrifice continues to inspire generations, embodying the spirit of resilience, patriotism, and unwavering dedication to the nation's cause.

Kumaran was associated with the Deshabandu Youth Association, which played a crucial role in mobilizing the youth for the independence movement.

Iyothee Thass Pandithar - TNPSC

By மூலம், Fair use, https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=329089

Pandit Iyothee Thass

C. Iyothee Thass (20 May 1845 – 1914) was an Indian anti-caste activist and a practitioner of Siddha medicine. He famously converted to Buddhism and called upon the Paraiyars to do the same, arguing that this was their original religion.Iyothee Thass was born Kathavarayan on 20 May 1845 in Thousand Lights, a neighbourhood in Madras (now Chennai), and later migrated to the Nilgiris district.

Work :

In the 1870s, Iyothee Thass organized the Todas and other tribes of the Nilgiri Hills into a formidable force for the freedom movement. In 1876, Thass established the Advaidananda Sabha and launched a magazine called Dravida Pandian in collaboration with Rev. John Rathina.
In 1886, Thass issued a revolutionary declaration that Scheduled caste people (Dalits) were not Hindus. Following this declaration, he established the “Dravida Mahajana Sabha '' in 1891 along with Rettamalai Srinivasan.
During the 1891 census, he urged the members of Scheduled castes to register themselves as “ Casteless Dravidians ” instead of identifying themselves as Hindus. His activities served as an inspiration to Sri Lanka’s Buddhist revivalist Anagarika Dharmapala.

40. கல்வி | Learning - TNPSC

5 ஜூலை, 2024

1.கற்க கசடறக் கற்பவை கற்றபின்
நிற்க அதற்குத் தக.

பொருள் : கற்கத்‌ தகுந்த நூல்களைக்‌ குற்றமறக்‌ கற்க வேண்டும்‌; அவ்வாறு கற்ற பிறகு கற்ற கல்விக்குத்‌ தக்கவாறு நெறியில்‌ நிற்க வேண்டும்‌.

2.எண்ணென்ப ஏனை எழுத்தென்ப இவ்விரண்டும்
கண்ணென்ப வாழும் உயிர்க்கு.

பொருள் : எண்‌ என்று சொல்லப்படுவன, எழுத்து என்று சொல்லப்படுவன ஆகிய இருவகைக்‌ கலைகளையும்‌ வாழும்‌ மக்களுக்குக்‌ கண்கள்‌ என்று கூறுவர்‌.

3.கண்ணுடையர் என்பவர் கற்றோர் முகத்திரண்டு

புண்ணுடையர் கல்லா தவர்.

பொருள் : கண்ணுடையவர்‌ என்று உயர்வாகக்‌ கூறப்படுகின்றவர்‌ கற்றவரே; கல்லாதவர்‌ முகத்தில்‌ இரண்டு புண்‌ உடையவர்‌ ஆவர்‌.

4.உவப்பத் தலைக்கூடி உள்ளப் பிரிதல்
அனைத்தே புலவர் தொழில்.

பொருள் : மகிழும்படியாகக்‌ கூடிப்‌ பழகி. (இனி இவரை எப்போது காண்போம்‌ என்று) வருந்தி நினைக்கும்‌ படியாகப்‌ பிரிதல்‌ புலவரின்‌ தொழிலாகும்‌.

5.உடையார்முன் இல்லார்போல் ஏக்கற்றுங் கற்றார்
கடையரே கல்லா தவர்.

பொருள் : செல்வர்முன்‌ வறியவர்‌ நிற்பதுபோல்‌ (கற்றவர்முன்‌) ஏங்கித்‌ தாழ்ந்து நின்றும்‌ கல்வி கற்றவரே உயர்ந்தவர்‌; கல்லாதவர்‌ இழிந்தவர்‌.

6.தொட்டனைத் தூறும் மணற்கேணி மாந்தர்க்குக்
கற்றனைத் தூறும் அறிவு.

பொருள் : மணலில்‌ உள்ள கேணியில்‌ தோண்டிய அளவிற்கு நீர்‌ ஊறும்‌; அதுபோல்‌, மக்களுக்குக்‌ கற்ற கல்வியின்‌ அளவிற்கு அறிவு ஊறும்‌.

7.யாதானும் நாடாமால் ஊராமால் என்னொருவன்
சாந்துணையுங் கல்லாத வாறு.

பொருள் : கற்றவனுக்குத்‌ தன்‌ நாடும்‌ ஊரும்போலவே வேறு எதுவாயினும்‌ நாடாகும்‌; ஊராகும்‌; ஆகையால்‌ ஒருவன்‌ சாகும்வரையில்‌ கல்லாமல்‌ காலங்கழிப்பது ஏன்‌?

8.ஒருமைக்கண் தான்கற்ற கல்வி ஒருவற்கு
எழுமையும் ஏமாப் புடைத்து.

பொருள் : ஒரு பிறப்பில்‌ தான்‌ கற்ற கல்வியானது அப்பிறப்பிற்கு மட்டும்‌ அல்லாமல்‌ ஒருவனுக்கு எழுபிறப்பிலும்‌ உதவும்‌ தன்மையுடையதாகும்‌.

9.தாமின் புறுவது உலகின் புறக்கண்டு
காமுறுவர் கற்றறிந் தார்.

பொருள் : தாம்‌ இன்புறுவதற்குக்‌ காரணமான கல்வியால்‌ உலகமும்‌ இன்புறுவதைக்‌ கண்டு, கற்றறிந்த அறிஞர்‌ மேன்மேலும்‌ (அக்கல்வியையே, விரும்புவர்‌.

10.கேடில் விழுச்செல்வம் கல்வி யொருவற்கு
மாடல்ல மற்றை யவை.

பொருள் : ஒருவனுக்கு அழிவு இல்லாத சிறந்த செல்வம்‌ கல்வியே ஆகும்‌; கல்வி தவிர மற்றப்‌ பொருள்கள்‌ (அத்தகைய சிறப்புடைய ) செல்வம்‌ அல்ல.

தேசிய பூங்காக்கள்

இந்தியாவிலுள்ள தேசிய பூங்காக்கள்

தேசிய பூங்கா (national park) என்பது அரசால் அறிவிக்கப்பட்ட அல்லது அதற்கு உரிமையான இயற்கை நிலங்களை கொண்ட ஒரு ஒதுக்ககம் ஆகும். இது மனிதருடைய பொழுதுபோக்கு, விலங்குகள் அல்லது சூழல் பாதுகாப்பு நோக்கங்களுடன் ஒதுக்கப்படுகின்றன. இந்தியாவின் முதல் தேசிய பூங்கா 1936ல் ஹெய்லி என்ற பெயரில் நிறுவப்பட்டது, தற்பொழுது ஜிம் கார்பெட் தேசிய பூங்கா என்று அறியப்படுகிறது. தற்பொழுது இந்தியாவில் 106 தேசிய பூங்காக்கள் இருப்பதாக அறியப்படுகிறது (2022ல்).

1. ஹெமிஸ் தேசிய பூங்கா :

இது லடாக் இல் உள்ளது. பனிச்சிறுத்தையைக் காண சிறந்த இடமாக கருதப்படுகிறது. நந்தா தேவி உயிர்கோளத்திற்குப் பிறகு இரண்டாவது பெரிய தொடர்ச்சியான பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதியாகும். பாலிஆர்க்டிக் சுற்றுச்சூழல் மண்டலத்திற்குள் (Palearctic ecozone) இந்தியாவின் ஒரே பாகுகாக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி. இது ஜம்மு காஷ்மீரின் கிழக்கு லடாக் பகுதியில் உள்ள உயரமான தேசிய பூங்கா ஆகும்.

2. காசிரங்கா தேசிய பூங்கா:

இத்தேசிய பூங்கா அஸ்ஸாமில் அமைந்துள்ளது. மேலும் இது புலிகள் காப்பகமாக அறிவிக்கப்பட்டது. முக்கியமான பறவை பகுதியாக (Bird Life International ஆல்) அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இது ஒரு யுனெஸ்கோ (UNESCO) உலக மரபுடைமைத்தலம். ஒரு கொம்பு காண்டாமிருகத்திற்கு பிரபலமான தளம் இது கருதப்படுகிறது.

இத்தலத்தை இரண்டு பிரிவுகளாக பிரிக்க அறிவிப்பு வெளியிடப்பட்டது கிழக்கு அசாம் வனவிலங்குகள் (தெற்கு பிரிவு)

பிஸ்வநாத் வனவிலங்கு பிரிவு (வடக்கு பிரிவு) இவ்விரண்டு பிரிவுகளை பிரம்மபுத்திரா நதி பிரிக்கிறது.

3. ஜிம் கார்பெட் தேசிய பூங்கா:

இத்தேசிய பூங்கா உத்தரகாண்ட மாநிலத்தின் நைனிடால் மாவட்டத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. 1936 ஆம் ஆண்டு அழிந்து வரும் வங்காளப்ப புளியைப் பாதுகாக்க ஹெய்லி தேசிய பூங்காவாக நிறுவப்பட்டது.

"The Project Tiger" 1973ல் கார்பெட் புலிகள் காப்பகத்தின் ஒரு பகுதியாக உள்ள கார்பெட் தேசிய பூங்காவில் தொடங்கப்பட்டது.

4. ஆனைமுடி சோலா தேசிய பூங்கா:

கேரளா மாநிலம், இருக்க மாவட்டத்தில் மேற்கு தொடர்ச்சி மலையை ஒட்டி அமைந்துள்ளது. தென்னிந்தியாவின் மிக உயரமான சிகரம், ஆனைமுடி.

இது மன்னவன் சோலா, இடிவார சோலா மற்றும் புல்லர்டி சோலா ஆகியவற்றால் ஆனது, மொத்த பரப்பளவு 7.5 கி.மீ சதுரம்.

43. அறிவுடைமை | The Possession of Knowledge - TNPSC

1.அறிவற்றங் காக்குங் கருவி செறுவார்க்கும்

உள்ளழிக்க லாகா அரண்.

பொருள் : அறிவு, அழிவு வராமல்‌ காக்கும்‌ கருவியாகும்‌; அன்றியும்‌ பகைகொண்டு எதிர்ப்பவர்க்கும்‌ அழிக்க முடியாத உள்ளரணும்‌ ஆகும்‌.

2.சென்ற இடத்தால் செலவிடா தீதொரீஇ

நன்றின்பால் உய்ப்ப தறிவு.

பொருள்:மனத்தைச்‌ சென்ற இடத்தில்‌ செல்லவிடாமல்‌, தீமையானதிலிருந்து நீக்கிக்‌ காத்து நன்மையானதில்‌ செல்லவிடுவதே அறிவாகும்‌.

3.எப்பொருள் யார்யார்வாய்க் கேட்பினும் அப்பொருள்
மெய்ப்பொருள் காண்ப தறிவு.

பொருள்: எப்பொருளை யார்‌ யாரிடம்‌ கேட்டாலும்‌ (கேட்டவாறே கொள்ளாமல்‌) அப்பொருளின்‌ மெய்யான பொருளைக்‌ காண்பதே அறிவாகும்‌

4.எண்பொருள வாகச் செலச்சொல்லித் தான்பிறர்வாய்
நுண்பொருள் காண்ப தறிவு.

பொருள்: தான்‌ சொல்லுவன எளிய பொருளையுடையனவாகப்‌ பதியுமாறு சொல்லித்‌, தான்‌ பிறரிடம்‌ கேட்பவற்றின்‌ நுட்பமான பொருளையும்‌ ஆராய்ந்து காண்பது அறிவாகும்‌.

5.உலகம் தழீஇய தொட்பம் மலர்தலும்
கூம்பலும் இல்ல தறிவு.

பொருள்: உலகத்து உயர்ந்தவரை நட்பாக்கிக்கொள்வது சிறந்த அறிவு; முன்னே மகிழ்ந்து விரிதலும்‌ பின்னே வருந்திக்‌ குவிதலும்‌ இல்லாதது அறிவு.

6.எவ்வ துறைவது உலகம் உலகத்தோடு
அவ்வ துறைவ தறிவு.

பொருள்: உலகம்‌ எவ்வாறு நடைபெறுகின்றதோ, உலகத்தோடு பொருந்திய வகையில்‌ தானும்‌ அவ்வாறு நடப்பதே அறிவாகும்‌.

7.அறிவுடையார் ஆவ தறிவார் அறிவிலார்
அஃதறி கல்லா தவர்.

பொருள்: அறிவுடையவர்‌ எதிர்காலத்தில்‌ நிகழப்போவதை முன்னே எண்ணி அறியவல்லார்‌; அறிவில்லாதவர்‌ அதனை அறிய முடியாதவர்‌.

8.அஞ்சுவ தஞ்சாமை பேதைமை அஞ்சுவது
அஞ்சல் அறிவார் தொழில்.

பொருள்: அஞ்சத்தக்கதைக்‌கண்டு அஞ்சாதிருப்பது அறியாமையாகும்‌; அஞ்சத்தக்கதைக்‌ கண்டு அஞ்சுவதே அறிவுடைவரின்‌ தொழிலாகும்‌.

9.எதிரதாக் காக்கும் அறிவினார்க் கில்லை
அதிர வருவதோர் நோய்.

பொருள்: வரப்போவதை முன்னே அறிந்து காத்துக்‌ கொள்ளவல்ல அறிவுடையவர்க்கு, அவர்‌ நடுஙகும்படியாக வரக்கூடிய துன்பம்‌ ஒன்றும்‌ இல்லை.

10.அறிவுடையார் எல்லா முடையார் அறிவிலார்
என்னுடைய ரேனும் இலர்.

பொருள்: அறிவுடையவர்‌ (வேறொன்றும்‌ இல்லாதிருப்பினும்‌) எல்லாம்‌ உடையவரே ஆவர்‌; அறிவில்லாதவர்‌ வேறு என்ன உடையவராக இருப்பினும்‌ ஒன்றும்‌ இல்லாதவரே ஆவர்‌.

Indian Constitution- Regional Languages

21 மே, 2023

PART XVII

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

CHAPTER II.- REGIONAL LANGUAGES

345. Official language or languages of a State.—Subject to the provisions of articles 346 and 347, the Legislature of a State may by law adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the State or Hindi as the language or languages to be used for all or any of the official purposes of that State:

Provided that, until the Legislature of the State otherwise provides by law, the English language shall continue to be used for those official purposes within the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of this Constitution.

346. Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.—The language for the time being authorised for use in the Union for official purposes shall be the official language for communication between one State and another State and between a State and the Union:

Provided that if two or more States agree that the Hindi language should be the official language for communication between such States, that language may be used for such communication.

347. Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.—On a demand being made in that behalf the President may, if he is satisfied that a substantial proportion of the population of a State desire the use of any language spoken by them to be recognised by that State,

direct that such language shall also be officially recognised throughout that State or any part thereof for such purpose as he may specify.

Indian Constitution- Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes [Part 3]

PART XVI

SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES

338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes.—

(1) There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Castes to be known as the National Commission for the Scheduled Castes.

(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and three other Members and the conditions of service and tenure of office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members so appointed shall be such as the President may by rule determine.

(3) The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.

(4) The Commission shall have the power to regulate its own procedure.

(5) It shall be the duty of the Commission—

(a) to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes 1 under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards;

(b) to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Scheduled Castes;

(c) to participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic development of the Scheduled Castes and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any State;

(d) to present to the President, annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;

(e) to make in such reports recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the Scheduled Castes; and

(f) to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Castes as the President may, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify.

(6) The President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each House of Parliament along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the Union and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such recommendations.

(7) Where any such report, or any part thereof, relates to any matter with which any State Government is concerned, a copy of such report shall be forwarded to the Governor of the State who shall cause it to be laid before the Legislature of the State along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the State and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such recommendations.

(8) The Commission shall, while investigating any matter referred to in sub-clause (a) or inquiring into any complaint referred to in sub-clause (b) of clause (5), have all the powers of a civil court trying a suit and in particular in respect of the following matters, namely :—

(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and examining him on oath;

(b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;

(d) requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office;

(e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents;

(f) any other matter which the President may, by rule, determine.

(9) The Union and every State Government shall consult the Commission on all major policy matters affecting Scheduled Castes.

(10) In this article, references to the Scheduled Castes shall be construed as including references to the Anglo-Indian community.

338A. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.—

(1) There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Tribes to be known as the National Commission for the Scheduled Tribes.

(3) The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.

(4) The Commission shall have the power to regulate its own procedure.

(5) It shall be the duty of the Commission—

(a) to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Tribes under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards;

(b) to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Scheduled Tribes;

(c) to participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any State;

(d) to present to the President, annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;

(f) to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes as the President may, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify.

(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and examining him on oath;

(b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;

(d) requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office;

(e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents;

(f) any other matter which the President may, by rule, determine.

(9) The Union and every State Government shall consult the Commission on all major policy matters affecting Scheduled Tribes.

338B. National Commission for Backward Classes.—

(1) There shall be a Commission for the socially and educationally backward classes to be known as the National Commission for Backward Classes.

(3) The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.

(4) The Commission shall have the power to regulate its own procedure.

(5) It shall be the duty of the Commission—

(a) to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the socially and educationally backward classes under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards;

(b) to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the socially and educationally backward classes;

(c) to participate and advise on the socio-economic development of the socially and educationally backward classes and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any State;

(d) to present to the President, annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;

(e) to make in such reports the recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the socially and educationally backward classes; and

(f) to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the socially and educationally backward classes as the President may, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify.

(7) Where any such report, or any part thereof, relates to any matter with which any State Government is concerned, a copy of such report shall be forwarded to the State Government which shall cause it to be laid before the Legislature of the State along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the State and the reasons for the non-acceptance, it any, of any of such recommendations.

(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and examining him on oath;

(b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;

(d) requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office;

(e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents;

(f) any other matter which the President may by rule, determine.

(9) The Union and every State Government shall consult the Commission on all major policy matters affecting the socially and educationally backward classes:

Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply for the purposes of clause (3) of article 342A.

Indian Constitution- Services [Part 1] - UPSC

19 மே, 2023

PART XIV

SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES

CHAPTER I.- SERVICES

308. Interpretation.

—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression “State” does not include the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

309. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.—Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Acts of the appropriate Legislature may regulate the recruitment, and conditions of service of persons appointed, to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of any State:

Provided that it shall be competent for the President or such person as he may direct in the case of services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union, and for the Governor of a State or such person as he may direct in the case of services and posts in connection with the affairs of the State, to make rules regulating the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed, to such services and posts until provision in that behalf is made by or under an Act of the appropriate Legislature under this article, and any rules so made shall have effect subject to the provisions of any such Act.

310. Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.—

(1)Except as expressly provided by this Constitution, every person who is a member of a defence service or of a civil service of the Union or of an all-India service or holds any post connected with defence or any civil post under the Union holds office during the pleasure of the President, and every person who is a member of a civil service of a State or holds any civil post under a State holds office during the pleasure of the Governor of the State.

(2) Notwithstanding that a person holding a civil post under the Union or a State holds office during the pleasure of the President or, as the case may be, of the Governor 2 *** of the State, any contract under which a person, not being a member of a defence service or of an all-India service or of a civil service of the Union or a State, is appointed under this Constitution to hold such a post may, if the President or the Governor, as the case may be, deems it necessary in order to secure the services of a person having special qualifications, provide for the payment to him of compensation, if before the expiration of an agreed period that post is abolished or he is, for reasons not connected with any misconduct on his part, required to vacate that post.

311. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.—

(1) No person who is a member of a civil service of the Union or an all-India service or a civil service of a State or holds a civil post under the Union or a State shall be dismissed or removed by an authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed.

(2) No such person as aforesaid shall be dismissed or removed or reduced in rank except after an inquiry in which he has been informed of the charges against him and given a reasonable opportunity of being heard in respect of those charges.

Provided that where it is proposed after such inquiry, to impose upon him any such penalty, such penalty may be imposed on the basis of the evidence adduced during such inquiry and it shall not be necessary to give such person any opportunity of making representation on the penalty proposed:

Provided further that this clause shall not apply—

(a) where a person is dismissed or removed or reduced in rank on the ground of conduct which has led to his conviction on a criminal charge; or

(b) where the authority empowered to dismiss or remove a person or to reduce him in rank is satisfied that for some reason, to be recorded by that authority in writing, it is not reasonably practicable to hold such inquiry; or

(c) where the President or the Governor, as the case may be, is satisfied that in the interest of the security of the State it is not expedient to hold such inquiry.

(3) If, in respect of any such person as aforesaid, a question arises whether it is reasonably practicable to hold such inquiry as is referred to in clause (2), the decision thereon of the authority empowered to dismiss or remove such person or to reduce him in rank shall be final.

Indian Constitution- The High Courts in the States [Part 1]

15 மே, 2023

PART VI

THE STATES

CHAPTER V.- THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES

214. High Courts for States.— There shall be a High Court for each State.

215. High Courts to be courts of record.—Every High Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself.

216. Constitution of High Courts.—Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint.

217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.—(1) Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the chief Justice, the chief Justice of the High court, and shall hold office, in the case of an additional or acting Judge, as provided in Article 224, and in any other case, until he attains the age of sixty two years:

Provided that—

(a) a Judge may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office;

(b) a Judge may be removed from his office by the President in the manner provided in clause (4) of article 124 for the removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court;

(c) the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or by his being transferred by the President to any other High Court within the territory

of India.

(2) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court unless he is a citizen of India and—

(a) has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of India; or

(b) has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause—

(a) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the territory of India, there shall be included any period, after he has held any judicial office, during which the person has been an advocate of a High Court or has held the office of a member of a tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring special knowledge of law;

(aa) in computing the period during which a person has been an advocate of a High Court, there shall be included any period during which the person 5 [has held judicial office or the office of a member of a tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring special knowledge of law after he became an advocate;

(b) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the territory of India or been an advocate of a High Court, there shall be included any period before the commencement of this Constitution during which he has held judicial office in any area which was comprised before the fifteenth day of August, 1947, within India as defined by the Government of India Act, 1935, or has been an advocate of any High Court in any such area, as the case may be.

(3) If any question arises as to the age of a Judge of a High Court, the question shall be decided by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the decision of the President shall be final.

Indian Constitution- Procedure Generally

PART VI

THE STATES

CHAPTER III.- THE STATE LEGISLATURE

Procedure Generally

208. Rules of procedure.—

(1) A House of the Legislature of a State may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business.

(2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and standing orders in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution with respect to the Legislature for the corresponding Province shall have effect in relation to the Legislature of the State subject to such modifications and adaptations as may be made therein by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, or the Chairman of the Legislative Council, as the case may be.

(3) In a State having a Legislative Council the Governor, after consultation with the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman of the Legislative Council, may make rules as to the procedure with respect to communications between the two Houses.

209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business.—The Legislature of a State may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of business in, the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State in relation to any financial matter or to any Bill for the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State, and, if and so far as any provision of any law so made is inconsistent with any rule made by the House or either House of the Legislature of the State under clause (1) of article 208 or with any rule or standing order having effect in relation to the Legislature of the State under clause (2) of that article, such provision shall prevail.

210. Language to be used in the Legislature.—

(1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in the Legislature of a State shall be transacted in the official language or languages of the State or in Hindi or in English:

Provided that the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly or Chairman of the Legislative Council, or person acting as such, as the case may be, may permit any member who cannot adequately express himself in any of the languages aforesaid to address the House in his mother-tongue.

(2) Unless the Legislature of the State by law otherwise provides, this article shall, after the expiration of a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, have effect as if the words “or in English” were omitted therefrom:

Provided that in relation to the 2 [Legislatures of the States of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura] this clause shall have effect as if for the words “fifteen years” occurring therein, the words “twenty-five years” were substituted:

Provided further that in relation to the Legislatures of the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Goa and Mizoram, this clause shall have effect as if for the words "fifteen years" occurring therein, the words "forty years" were substituted.

211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.—No discussion shall take place in the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties.

212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.—

(1) The validity of any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure.

(2) No officer or member of the Legislature of a State in whom powers are vested by or under this Constitution for regulating procedure or the conduct of business, or for maintaining order, in the Legislature shall be subject to the jurisdiction of any court in respect of the exercise by him of those powers.

Indian Constitution- Fundamental Rights [Part 5]

2 ஏப்., 2023

Emblem of India

PART III

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Constitutional Remedies

32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.—

(1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.

(2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part.

(3) Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause (2).

(4) The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution.

32A. [Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 3 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).

[33. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.—Parliament may, by law, determine to what extent any of the rights conferred by this Part shall, in their application to,—

(a) the members of the Armed Forces; or

(b) the members of the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order; or

(c) persons employed in any bureau or other organisation established by the State for purposes of intelligence or counter intelligence; or

(d) person employed in, or in connection with, the telecommunication systems set up for the purposes of any Force, bureau or organisation referred to in clauses (a) to (c), be restricted or abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline among them.]

34. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area.—Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respect of any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area within the territory of India where martial law was in force or validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or other act done under martial law in such area.

35. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.— Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—

(a) Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not have, power to make laws—

(i) with respect to any of the matters which under clause (3) of article 16, clause (3) of article 32, article 33 and article 34 may be provided for by law made by Parliament; and

(ii) for prescribing punishment for those acts which are declared to be offences under this Part,

and Parliament shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Constitution, make laws for prescribing punishment for the acts referred to in sub-clause (ii);

(b) any law in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in the territory of India with respect to any of the matters referred to in sub-clause (i) of clause (a) or providing for punishment for any act referred to in sub-clause (ii) of that clause shall, subject to the terms thereof and to any adaptations and modifications that may be made therein under article 372, continue in force until altered or repealed or amended by Parliament.

Explanation.—In this article, the expression "law in force'' has the same

meaning as in article 372.

Indian Constitution- Fundamental Rights [Part 1]

Emblem of India

PART III

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

General

12. Definition.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State” includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.

13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.—(1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.

(2) The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.

(3) In this article, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a) “law” includes any Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule, regulation, notification, custom or usage having in the territory of India the force of

law;

(b) “laws in force” includes laws passed or made by a Legislature or other competent authority in the territory of India before the commencement of this Constitution and not previously repealed,

notwithstanding that any such law or any part thereof may not be then in operation either at all or in particular areas.

(4) Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under article 368.

Right to Equality

14. Equality before law.—The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.—(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.

(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to—

(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or

(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.

(3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children.

(4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.

(5) Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 shall prevent the State from making any special provision, by law, for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special

provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30.

(6) Nothing in this article or sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 or clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making,—

(a) any special provision for the advancement of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5); and

(b) any special provision for the advancement of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of

article 30, which in the case of reservation would be in addition to the existing reservations and subject to a maximum of ten per cent. of the total seats in each category.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this article and article 16, "economically weaker sections" shall be such as may be notified by the State from time to time on the basis of family income and other indicators of economic disadvantage.

16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.—(1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.

(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State.

(3) Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office [under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State or Union territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union

territory] prior to such employment or appointment.

(4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.

(4A) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation [in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class] or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State.

(4B) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding

year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which they are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty per cent. reservation on total number of vacancies of that year.

(5) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a

particular denomination.

(6) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes mentioned in clause (4), in addition to the existing reservation and subject to a maximum of

ten per cent. of the posts in each category.

17. Abolition of Untouchability.—“Untouchability” is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability” shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.

18. Abolition of titles.—(1) No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State.

(2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State.

(3) No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State.

(4) No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State.

Also read: The Preamble and its significance in The Indian Constitution.

What are MotionA Motion refers to a formal proposal made by a member of Legislature to initiate discussion on a matter of general public importance. It can be Moved either by ministers or Private Members.No Discussion can be made except for such motions that has consent of presiding officer.

Calling Attention Motion

A member may with the prior permission of the Speaker call the attention of a Minister to a matter of urgent public importance and request him to make a statement thereon. This is an Indian Innovation.

Formation of INC:

INC Sessions:

Who was Colonel Neill:

The Symbol of Oppression:

Neill Statue Satyagraha:

Political life:

Main Functions:Monetary authority

Manager of Foreign Exchange

Issuer of Currency

Work :

1.கற்க கசடறக் கற்பவை கற்றபின்நிற்க அதற்குத் தக.

2.எண்ணென்ப ஏனை எழுத்தென்ப இவ்விரண்டும்கண்ணென்ப வாழும் உயிர்க்கு.

3.கண்ணுடையர் என்பவர் கற்றோர் முகத்திரண்டு

புண்ணுடையர் கல்லா தவர்.

4.உவப்பத் தலைக்கூடி உள்ளப் பிரிதல்அனைத்தே புலவர் தொழில்.

5.உடையார்முன் இல்லார்போல் ஏக்கற்றுங் கற்றார்கடையரே கல்லா தவர்.

6.தொட்டனைத் தூறும் மணற்கேணி மாந்தர்க்குக்கற்றனைத் தூறும் அறிவு.

7.யாதானும் நாடாமால் ஊராமால் என்னொருவன்சாந்துணையுங் கல்லாத வாறு.

8.ஒருமைக்கண் தான்கற்ற கல்வி ஒருவற்குஎழுமையும் ஏமாப் புடைத்து.

9.தாமின் புறுவது உலகின் புறக்கண்டுகாமுறுவர் கற்றறிந் தார்.

10.கேடில் விழுச்செல்வம் கல்வி யொருவற்குமாடல்ல மற்றை யவை.

இந்தியாவிலுள்ள தேசிய பூங்காக்கள்

1. ஹெமிஸ் தேசிய பூங்கா :

2. காசிரங்கா தேசிய பூங்கா:

3. ஜிம் கார்பெட் தேசிய பூங்கா:

4. ஆனைமுடி சோலா தேசிய பூங்கா:

உள்ளழிக்க லாகா அரண்.

2.சென்ற இடத்தால் செலவிடா தீதொரீஇ

PART XVII

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

CHAPTER II.- REGIONAL LANGUAGES

PART XVI

SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES

PART XIV

SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES

CHAPTER I.- SERVICES

308. Interpretation.

PART VI

THE STATES

CHAPTER V.- THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES

PART VI

THE STATES

CHAPTER III.- THE STATE LEGISLATURE

PART III

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Constitutional Remedies

PART III

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

General

Right to Equality

What are Motion
A Motion refers to a formal proposal made by a member of Legislature to initiate discussion on a matter of general public importance. It can be Moved either by ministers or Private Members.
No Discussion can be made except for such motions that has consent of presiding officer.

Main Functions:
Monetary authority

1.கற்க கசடறக் கற்பவை கற்றபின்
நிற்க அதற்குத் தக.

2.எண்ணென்ப ஏனை எழுத்தென்ப இவ்விரண்டும்
கண்ணென்ப வாழும் உயிர்க்கு.

4.உவப்பத் தலைக்கூடி உள்ளப் பிரிதல்
அனைத்தே புலவர் தொழில்.

5.உடையார்முன் இல்லார்போல் ஏக்கற்றுங் கற்றார்
கடையரே கல்லா தவர்.

6.தொட்டனைத் தூறும் மணற்கேணி மாந்தர்க்குக்
கற்றனைத் தூறும் அறிவு.

7.யாதானும் நாடாமால் ஊராமால் என்னொருவன்
சாந்துணையுங் கல்லாத வாறு.

8.ஒருமைக்கண் தான்கற்ற கல்வி ஒருவற்கு
எழுமையும் ஏமாப் புடைத்து.

9.தாமின் புறுவது உலகின் புறக்கண்டு
காமுறுவர் கற்றறிந் தார்.

10.கேடில் விழுச்செல்வம் கல்வி யொருவற்கு
மாடல்ல மற்றை யவை.