Calling Attention Motion
What are Motion
- A Motion refers to a formal proposal made by a member of Legislature to initiate discussion on a matter of general public importance. It can be Moved either by ministers or Private Members.
- No Discussion can be made except for such motions that has consent of presiding officer.
Calling Attention Motion
- A member may with the prior permission of the Speaker call the attention of
a Minister to a matter of urgent public importance and request him to make a
statement thereon. This is an Indian Innovation.
INC Sessions - TNPSC
Formation of INC:
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| 1st Session of INC |
The Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in 1885, marking a significant milestone in India's struggle for independence from British rule. The foundation of INC was initiated by A.O.Hume, a retired British civil servant, who aimed to create a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians.
The first session of the INC was held in Bombay (now Mumbai) and was attended by 72 delegates. The formation of the INC played a crucial role in unifying diverse regional and political groups, eventually leading to the broader national movement against British colonialism.
INC Sessions:
| Year | Place | President |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Session, 1885 | Bombay | Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee |
| 2nd Session, 1886 | Calcutta | Dadabhai Naoroji |
| 3rd Session, 1887 | Madras | Badruddin Tyabji |
| 4th Session, 1888 | Allahabad | George Yule |
| 5td Session, 1889 | Bombay | Sir William Wedderburn |
| 6th Session, 1890 | Calcutta | Pherozeshah Mehta |
| 7th Session, 1891 | Nagpur | P.Ananda Charlu |
| 8th Session, 1892 | Allahabad | Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee |
| 9th Session, 1893 | Lahore | Dadabhai Naoroji |
| 10th Session, 1894 | Madras | Alfred Webb |
| 11th Session, 1895 | Pune | Surendranath Banerjee |
| 12th Session, 1896 | Calcutta | Rahimatullah M Sayani |
| 13th Session, 1897 | Amraoti | C Sankaran Nair |
| 14th Session, 1898 | Madras | Ananda Mohan Bose |
| 15th Session, 1899 | Lucknow | Romesh Chunder Dutt |
| 16th Session, 1900 | Lahore | N G Chandavarkar |
| 17th Session, 1901 | Calcutta | Dinshaw Eduljee Wacha |
| 18th Session, 1902 | Ahmedabad | Surendranath Banerjee |
| 19th Session, 1903 | Madras | Lal Mohan Ghosh |
| 20th Session, 1904 | Bombay | Sir Henry Cotton |
| 21st Session, 1905 | Banaras | Gopal Krishna Gokhale |
| 22nd Session, 1906 | Calcutta | Dadabhai Naoroji |
| 23rd Session, 1907 | Surat (Susepended) | Rash Behari Ghosh |
| 23rd Session, 1908 | Madras | Rash Behari Ghosh |
| 24rd Session, 1909 | Lahore | Madan Mohan Malaviya |
| 25th Session, 1910 | Allahabad | Sir William Wedderburn |
| 26th Session, 1911 | Calcutta | Bishan Narayan Dar |
| 27th Session, 1912 | Bankipore | Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar |
| 28th Session, 1913 | Karachi | Nawab Syed Mohammed Bahadur |
| 29th Session, 1914 | Madras | Bhupendra Nath Bose |
VERTICAL FISCAL IMBALANCE (VFI)
What is VFI?
The Union Government is endowed with more Tax powers than the states, while the states are assigned more expenditures responsibilities than Union government. This leads to VFI between states and union. The main responsibility of finance commission (A-280) is to correct this.
Understanding VFI:
Solution proposed by Experts:
- Reassigning tax powers between union and states: The union government has exclusive power to levy excise duty and states have exclusive power to levy excise duty, sales tax on liquor. All other commodities fall under GST. Experts propose that CGST and excise duty on petro products be assigned to states.
- Veto powers of union government should be removed. Then, the GST council truely will become a body by the states to settle tax issues among themselves, thereby union government as facilitator.
MODEL PRISON MANUAL, 2016 for UPSC Exams
WHAT IS MODEL PRISON MANUAL?
Model Prison Manual, 2016 is a set of guidelines developed by Ministry of Home Affairs. It covers about prisoner classification and privileges, disciplinary action and complaints procedures, sanitary and hygiene regulations, etc.,
- Article 39 (a) Fair justice also deals with prisoners.
- Article 14,19,20,21 and 22 deal with Rights of prisoners.
- The union Home ministry has asked the states of Union Territories who have not adopted Model Prison Manual so far, to bring in accordance with guidelines provided by Manual.
- Prison is a state subject.
Critically Endangered Species of India- The Gliding Frog | UPSC
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES
(C) REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS:
4.The Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus)
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| The Gliding Frog |
The Gliding Frog (Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus) is endemic to the Western Ghats. This species is confined to the rain forests of the Western Ghats and occurs at elevations of greater than 1000m. This species has been recently described in the year 2000.
CONSERVATION STATUS: Critically Endangered.
HABITAT: Rainforests above 1000m altitude.
DISTRIBUTION: Indira Gandhi National Park and surrounding areas of Anamalai hills, Tamil Nadu.
THREATS: Conversion of forested areas for timber and non-timber plantations, and timber extraction activities.
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